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Resources

Here you will find links to the citations and reference information used in the book. We believe that providing access to these resources will help readers to further explore the topics covered in the book and deepen their understanding of the future of EMS

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Federal Resources

CMS & AI

View the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Playbook outlining the agency's embrace of artificial intelligence (AI) to improve health care administration and delivery. 

NAII Act

A summary of the National Artificial Intelligence Initiative Act of 2020

White House: AI Bill of Rights

View the "Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights"

GAO: AI in Health Care

The U.S. Government Accountability Office resource on "Artificial Intelligence in Health Care"

EO 13859

View the 2019 Executive Order by President Donald Trump on Artificial Intelligence. 

NIST / AISI

The United States Artificial Intelligence Safety Institute.

AI at HHS

Learn about AI at the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.

EO 2023 

View the 2023 Executive Order by President Joseph Biden on Artificial Intelligence. 

EMS Data

View the White House Nonfatal Overdose Dashboard, powered by near-real-time EMS data.

NIST: AI Resources

The National Institute of Standards and Technology resource page on AI.

Professional Organizations

AMA Policy on AI

The 2019 American Medical Association's policy on Augmented Intelligence in Health Care.

ACP Position Paper

The 2024 American College of Physicians paper on "AI in the Provision of Health Care".

2023 "Clinician of the Future" report.

View the Elsevier Health report discussion the role of AI in healthcare, and how it will change education and the practice of medicine. 

2023 AMA Position Paper

AMA's 2023 paper discussing the "Principles for Augmented Intelligence Development, Deployment, and Use"

AI in Nursing

The 2022 paper from the American Nursing Association on the Ethical Use of AI in Nursing.

JAMA: AI & Med School

Video: View this panel discussion exploring how medical schools are embracing and integrating AI into medical education.

AAFP Report: AI to reduce documentation burden.

This 2021 report by the American Academy of Family Physicians discuss the role of AI in patient care documentation.

Model Legislation

See how the nursing profession utilizes model legislation and model rules to promote uniformity of the profession across the United States.

1988: MYCIN

Video: A video from 1988 showing one of the early AI systems in medicine.

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Videos

VW's Driverless Ambulance Concept

Watch the concept video from Volkswagen showing their driverless ambulance concept vehicle.

AR in Surgery

See how surgeons are utilizing Augmented Reality to improve patient outcomes.

MYCIN: AI in 1988

This 1988 video shows the MYCIN system, one of the early medical applications of AI.

1988: MYCIN

Video: A video from 1988 showing one of the early AI systems in medicine.

Sri Lanka's Augment Reality Ambulances

In 2023, Sri Lanka implemented Microsoft's HoloLens in ambulances, showing how Augmented Reality and AI can superpower EMS clinicians. 

AlexNet

Video: Learn about AlexNet and how that revolutionized and accelerated AI

Technology Adoption Curve

Learn about the Technology Adoption Curve.

AI in EMS Dispatch

Life EMS, in Michigan, implemented AI to assist with EMS Dispatch.

Microsoft's Reaction to the iPhone

Watch Microsoft's CEO react to the launch of the iPhone - a reminder for today's leaders when confronted with new technology.

JAMA: AI & Med School

Video: View this panel discussion exploring how medical schools are embracing and integrating AI into medical education.

History

Airlie House Conference

The 1969 Airlie House Conference is one of the most important events in the history of modern EMS in the United States.  View the conference papers and meeting materials.

EMS History

Discover the history of EMS in Donnie's other book, "EMS in the United States: Fragmented Past, Future of Opportunity"

Dr. Peter Safar

Learn how Dr. Peter Safar, a major influencer of modern EMS, discovered rescue breathing.  Including a video from 1950s featuring a Boy Scout performing mouth to mouth!

1955 Origins of AI

Read the first paper, from 1955, on Artificial Intelligence. 

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Additional Resources

MediResuce

Discover the power of an AI assisted EMS patient care report documentation tool.

Epic Software

See how Epic Software is leveraging and incorporating AI into their hospital and patient record software.

References & End Notes

Here's a complete list of the references and endnotes included in the book. 

  1. AIMHI. (n.d.). News. Retrieved June 24, 2024, from https://aimhi.mobi/news

  2. S.B. 22-225, 73rd General Assembly. (2022). Retrieved from https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/sb22-225

  3. Idaho Department of Health and Welfare. (n.d.). Emergency Medical Services Sustainability Task Force (EMSSTF). Retrieved June 24, 2024, from https://healthandwelfare.idaho.gov/about-dhw/boards-councils-committees/emergency-medical-services-sustainability-task-force-emsstf

  4. New England Public Media. (2022, July 22). Officials look into sustainability of emergency medical operations across Connecticut. Retrieved June 24, 2024, from https://www.nepm.org/2022-07-22/officials-look-into-sustainability-of-emergency-medical-operations-across-connecticut

  5. Russell, M. (2024, March 14). Bill advances to declare Idaho EMS an essential service. Idaho Reports. Retrieved June 24, 2024, from https://blog.idahoreports.idahoptv.org/2024/03/14/bill-advances-to-declare-idaho-ems-an-essential-service/

  6. South Dakota Department of Health. (n.d.). EMS sustainability assessment. Retrieved June 24, 2024, from https://doh.sd.gov/healthcare-professionals/ems-trauma-program/ems-sustainability-assessment/

  7. League of Minnesota Cities. (n.d.). League convenes task force to address challenges to emergency medical services delivery and sustainability. Retrieved June 24, 2024, from https://www.lmc.org/news-publications/news/all/league-convenes-task-force-to-address-challenges-to-emergency-medical-services-delivery-and-sustainability/

  8. University of Illinois College of Medicine Peoria. (2023, March 15). Administrative tasks take up more time than patient care for many PCPs. Retrieved June 24, 2024, from https://peoria.medicine.uic.edu/news-stories/administrative-tasks-take-up-more-time-than-patient-care-for-many-pcps/

  9. American Academy of Family Physicians. (2021, December 17). Phase 2 report: AI in family medicine practice. Retrieved from https://www.aafp.org/news/practice-professional-issues/20211217sukiphase2rpt.html

  10. Singer, N. (2023, June 26). Doctors review AI's accuracy in patient records. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/26/technology/ai-health-care-documentation.html

  11. Ayers JW, Poliak A, Dredze M, et al. Comparing Physician and Artificial Intelligence Chatbot Responses to Patient Questions Posted to a Public Social Media Forum. JAMA Intern Med. 2023;183(6):589–596. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.1838

  12. Saha, A., Bosma, J. S., Twilt, J. J., van Ginneken, B., Bjartell, A., & Padhani, A. R., et al. (2024). Artificial intelligence and radiologists in prostate cancer detection on MRI (PI-CAI): An international, paired, non-inferiority, confirmatory study. The Lancet Oncology. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(24)00220-1

  13. Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. (n.d.). Executive education online: Applied artificial intelligence for health care. https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/event/exec-ed-online-applied-artificial-intelligence-for-health-care-2/

  14. University of Hawai'i at Mānoa. (2023, June 8). Study finds AI model to predict clinical trial outcomes. Retrieved from https://manoa.hawaii.edu/news/article.php?aId=11568

  15. Ahmad, H. K., Milne, M. R., Buchlak, Q. D., Ektas, N., Sanderson, G., Chamtie, H., Karunasena, S., Chiang, J., Holt, X., Tang, C. H. M., Seah, J. C. Y., Bottrell, G., Esmaili, N., Brotchie, P., & Jones, C. (2023). Machine learning augmented interpretation of chest X-rays: A systematic review. Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland), 13(4), 743. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13040743

  16. American Nurses Association. (2022). The ethical use of artificial intelligence in nursing practice: Position statement. Retrieved from https://www.nursingworld.org/~48f653/globalassets/practiceandpolicy/nursing-excellence/ana-position-statements/the-ethical-use-of-artificial-intelligence-in-nursing-practice_bod-approved-12_20_22.pdf

  17. American Nurses Association. (2022). The ethical use of artificial intelligence in nursing practice: Position statement. ANA Center for Ethics and Human Rights, ANA Board of Directors. https://www.nursingworld.org/~48f653/globalassets/practiceandpolicy/nursing-excellence/ana-position-statements/the-ethical-use-of-artificial-intelligence-in-nursing-practice_bod-approved-12_20_22.pdf

  18. Nuffel, S., Simoens, S., & Huys, I. (2021). The economics of artificial intelligence in healthcare: Value, costs, and benefits. Nature Medicine, 27(2), 206-210. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01273-1

  19. Zhao, M., Hoti, K., Wang, H., et al. (2021). Assessment of medication self-administration using artificial intelligence. Nature Medicine, 27(4), 727–735. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01273-1

  20. Whitfield, J. (2023, May 22). How health tech leaders use AI to combat fraud. GovCIO Media. Retrieved April 8, 2024, from https://govciomedia.com/how-health-tech-leaders-use-ai-to-combat-fraud-2/

  21. Davenport T, Kalakota R. The potential for artificial intelligence in healthcare. Future Healthc J. 2019 Jun;6(2):94-98. doi: 10.7861/futurehosp.6-2-94. PMID: 31363513; PMCID: PMC6616181.

  22. Epic. (2023, November 15). Epic integrates AI to streamline clinical note creation. Retrieved from https://www.epic.com/news/ai-clinical-notes

  23. American Medical Association. (n.d.). AI scribe saves doctors an hour at the keyboard every day. Retrieved from https://www.ama-assn.org/practice-management/digital/ai-scribe-saves-doctors-hour-keyboard-every-day

  24. Epic Systems Corporation. (n.d.). AI in healthcare software. https://www.epic.com/software/ai/

  25. Mediwave. (n.d.). Mediwave. Retrieved from https://www.mediwave.io/

  26. Sunrise Volkswagen. (2023). Will Volkswagen have a self-driving ambulance ready by 2025?. Retrieved from https://www.sunrise-vw.com/will-volkswagen-have-a-self-driving-ambulance-ready-by-2025/

  27. Waymo. (2023, December 12). Waymo significantly outperforms comparable human benchmarks over 7 million miles. Retrieved from https://waymo.com/blog/2023/12/waymo-significantly-outperforms-comparable-human-benchmarks-over-7-million/

  28. Mediwave. (n.d.). MediRescue connected ambulance. Retrieved from https://www.mediwave.io/medirescue/connected-ambulance/

  29. Krakauer, D. (2019, March 26). Augmented medicine: The power of augmented reality in the operating room. Science in the News. Retrieved June 24, 2024, from https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2019/augmented-medicine-the-power-of-augmented-reality-in-the-operating-room/

  30. Wijegunawardana, A. (2023, May 5). Innovating for better health and saving lives: Sri Lanka’s ambulance story. World Bank Blogs. Retrieved June 24, 2024, from https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/endpovertyinsouthasia/innovating-better-health-saving-lives-sri-lankas-ambulance-story

  31. Mediwave. (n.d.). MediRescue ePCR. https://www.mediwave.io/medirescue/epcr/

  32. WZZM 13. (2023, May 22). West MI EMS company uses AI to predict medical emergencies. Retrieved from https://www.wzzm13.com/article/news/health/west-mi-ems-company-uses-ai-predict-medical-emergencies/69-940f05ff-de9a-4bec-a8c0-3fc84536dbe2

  33. Yahoo Finance. (2023, June 5). Artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare market size is projected to grow from USD 11.6 billion in 2022 to USD 64.2 billion by 2029, at a CAGR of 27.2%. https://finance.yahoo.com/news/artificial-intelligence-ai-healthcare-market-120000102.html

  34. MarketsandMarkets. (2024, May 20). Artificial intelligence (AI) market worth $1,339.1 billion by 2030: Exclusive report by MarketsandMarkets. PR Newswire. Retrieved from https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/artificial-intelligence-ai-market-worth-1-339-1-billion-by-2030--exclusive-report-by-marketsandmarkets-302166982.html

  35. McCarthy, J., Minsky, M. L., Rochester, N., & Shannon, C. E. (2006). A proposal for the Dartmouth summer research project on artificial intelligence. AI Magazine, 27(4), 12-14. https://doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v27i4.1904

  36. Sondak, V. K., & Sondak, N. E. (1990). New directions for medical artificial intelligence. Computers & Mathematics with Applications, 20(4-6), 313-319. https://doi.org/10.1016/0898-1221(90)90336-I

  37. Rogers, E. M. (2003). Diffusion of innovations (5th ed.). Free Press.

  38. McKinsey & Company. (2023). The state of AI in 2023: Generative AI’s breakout year. https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/quantumblack/our-insights/the-state-of-ai-in-2023-generative-AIs-breakout-year

  39. Winslow, R. (2022, December 28). AI in healthcare in 2023: ML, NLP, and more. HealthTech. https://healthtechmagazine.net/article/2022/12/ai-healthcare-2023-ml-nlp-more-perfcon

  40. Rivera, O. (2023, April 15). Reenvisioning EMS funding: Toward a sustainable financial model. JEMS. https://www.jems.com/exclusives/reenvisioning-ems-funding-toward-a-sustainable-financial-model/

  41. National Academy of Sciences. (1969). Emergency medical services: Recommendations for an approach to an urgent national problem: Proceedings of the Airlie Conference on Emergency Medical Services, Airlie House, Warrenton, Virginia, May 5-6, 1969. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED051405.pdf

  42. Van Melle, W. (1978). MYCIN: A knowledge-based consultation program for infectious disease diagnosis. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 10(3), 313-322. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7373(78)80049-2

  43. Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence. (n.d.). AAAI. Retrieved from https://aaai.org/

  44. SVB. (n.d.). Artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare. Retrieved from https://www.svb.com/trends-insights/reports/artificial-intelligence-ai-in-healthcare/

  45. American Hospital Association. (2023, August 22). Digital health funding may be down, but AI still draws interest from investors. Retrieved from https://www.aha.org/aha-center-health-innovation-market-scan/2023-08-22-digital-health-funding-may-be-down-ai-still-draws-interest-investors

  46. World Economic Forum. (2024, May 1). These 5 countries are leading the global AI race: Here’s how they’re doing it. Retrieved from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2024/05/these-5-countries-are-leading-the-global-ai-race-heres-how-theyre-doing-it/

  47. American Medical Association. (2019). Augmented intelligence in health care. Retrieved from https://www.ama-assn.org/system/files/2019-01/augmented-intelligence-policy-report.pdf

  48. American Nurses Association. (2022). The ethical use of artificial intelligence in nursing practice: Position statement. Retrieved from https://www.nursingworld.org/~48f653/globalassets/practiceandpolicy/nursing-excellence/ana-position-statements/the-ethical-use-of-artificial-intelligence-in-nursing-practice_bod-approved-12_20_22.pdf

  49. Daneshvar, N., Pandita, D., Erickson, S., Sulmasy, L. S., & DeCamp, M., ACP Medical Informatics Committee, & Ethics, Professionalism and Human Rights Committee. (2024). Artificial intelligence in the provision of health care: An American College of Physicians policy position paper. Annals of Internal Medicine. https://doi.org/10.7326/M24-0146

  50. Microsoft. (2023, August 22). Microsoft and Epic expand AI collaboration to accelerate generative AI’s impact in healthcare, addressing the industry’s most pressing needs. Retrieved from https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2023/08/22/microsoft-and-epic-expand-ai-collaboration-to-accelerate-generative-ais-impact-in-healthcare-addressing-the-industrys-most-pressing-needs/

  51. The Medical Futurist. (n.d.). Microsoft in healthcare. Retrieved from https://medicalfuturist.com/microsoft-in-healthcare/#

  52. American Medical Association. (n.d.). Advancing health care AI through ethics, evidence, and equity. Retrieved from https://www.ama-assn.org/practice-management/digital/advancing-health-care-ai-through-ethics-evidence-and-equity

  53. American Medical Association. (n.d.). Principles of medical ethics. Retrieved June 24, 2024, from https://code-medical-ethics.ama-assn.org/principles

  54. American Nurses Association. (2022). The ethical use of artificial intelligence in nursing practice: Position statement. Retrieved from https://www.nursingworld.org/~48f653/globalassets/practiceandpolicy/nursing-excellence/ana-position-statements/the-ethical-use-of-artificial-intelligence-in-nursing-practice_bod-approved-12_20_22.pdf

  55. Daneshvar, N., Pandita, D., Erickson, S., et al. (2024). Artificial intelligence in the provision of health care: An American College of Physicians policy position paper. Annals of Internal Medicine. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.7326/M24-0146

  56. H.R. 6216, 116th Cong. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/6216

  57. Hewitt, M. (2024, April 5). Medical schools train next generation of clinicians to better understand AI. HealthTech. Retrieved from https://healthtechmagazine.net/article/2024/04/medical-schools-train-next-generation-clinicians-better-understand-ai

  58. Hewitt, M. (2024, April 5). Medical schools train next generation of clinicians to better understand AI. HealthTech. Retrieved from https://healthtechmagazine.net/article/2024/04/medical-schools-train-next-generation-clinicians-better-understand-ai

  59. Ernst & Young. (n.d.). Balance risk and reward with responsible AI. Retrieved from https://www.ey.com/en_us/insights/ai/balance-risk-and-reward-with-responsible-ai

  60. National Institute of Standards and Technology. (n.d.). AI standards and implementation. Retrieved from https://www.nist.gov/aisi

  61. Cedars-Sinai. (2023, May 10). Pursuing the ethics of artificial intelligence in healthcare. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/newsroom/pursuing-the-ethics-of-artificial-intelligence-in-healthcare/

  62. Pfizer. (2023, March 22). Three principles of responsibility for artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare. Retrieved from https://www.pfizer.com/news/articles/three_principles_of_responsibility_for_artificial_intelligence_ai_in_healthcare

  63. Emergency Medical Services System Sustainability Task Force. (2023). Emergency Medical Services System Sustainability Task Force: Phase I Report.  https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ZWOHCrducXzcRB3RIut5OAVocYb6EFWx/view?pli=1

  64. U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (n.d.). EMS education agenda for the future: A systems approach. Retrieved June 24, 2024, from https://www.ems.gov/assets/EMS_Education_Agenda-1663283496.pdf

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